A pattern of phencyclidine (or a pharmacologically similar substance like ketamine) use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress, as manifested by at least 2
of the following, occurring within a 12
-month period:
Phencyclidine is often taken in larger amounts or over a longer period than was intended.
There is a persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control phencyclidine use.
A great deal of time is spent in activities necessary to obtain phencyclidine, use the phencyclidine, or recover from its effects.
Craving, or a strong desire or urge to use phencyclidine.
Recurrent phencyclidine use resulting in a failure to fulfill major role obligations at work, school, or home (e.g. - repeated absences from work or poor work performance related to phencyclidine use; phencyclidine-related absences, suspensions, or expulsions from school; neglect of children or household).
Continued phencyclidine use despite having persistent or recurrent social or inter personal problems caused or exacerbated by the effects of the phencyclidine (e.g. - arguments with a spouse about consequences of intoxication; physical fights).
Important social, occupational, or recreational activities are given up or reduced because of phencyclidine use.
Recurrent phencyclidine use in situations in which it is physically hazardous (e.g. - driving an automobile or operating a machine when impaired by a phencyclidine).
Phencyclidine use is continued despite knowledge of having a persistent or recurrent physical or psychological problem that is likely to have been caused or exacerbated by the phencyclidine.
Tolerance, as defined by either of the following: